IC Technologies

 

Why IC Technologies

 
More refer to the following sections/pages:
Special Technologies
Basic Chip Technology
Next Generation of ICs
Quantum Computer
Modems ICs & IP Cores / RF & DSP ICs
Graph Embedding in VLSI/Chip Designs
 
 

The reasons why I finally come to IC research is that, of all technologies now available in the world, IC technologies are playing the single most important role in human development now, and for the foreseeable days. Without it, we will return back to the mechnical times.

 
VLSI is the most important technology of the world today and tomorrow, and this is the reason I have chosen it as my research focus in retation with math, particularly graph theory.

 

Nowadays CMOS based VLSI technology has reached its limits, therefore I will no more follow the silicon based IC technology, but the upcoming new promising computation circuits with radically new physics and chemistry and even biological fundamentals. But at the moment there is no sight of breakthrough. Just follow me to find out where this great leap will come true.

 

Before VLSI was my final science focus, there were several other science branches where I have spent a decade on studying, incl. fluid dynamics, solar science and thermodynamics.

 

 

I Basic Chip Technologies

 

Electrical, electronics, CMOS, advanced chips of quantum theory, optics, atomic etc
 
Click here for details.
 

II Special Chip Technologies

 

Special Chip Technologies / Systems

Special chip types such as ASIC, FPGA, NOC, SOC, ASSP, DSP, 3D chips etc
 
Click here for details.
 

III Chip Design

 
Click here for details.
 
 

IV Other Chip Processes

 
Fabrication, packaging, testing etc
 
Click here for details.
 

V Resources

 
Chip designers, foundries, EDA vendors, industry portals etc
 
 
Click here for details.
 

Also see these documents for more details:

 

Math4Chips.docx

Math4Chip_Design_Physical_Routing_Detailed.docx

 

VLSI Technologies

 

As I've mentioned somewhere else on the site, I've started my IC career since 2013 or so, but my first intention was not the design, but the researches of post-Moore IC technologies, for this purpose I have some years exploring many dozens of new generations of IC technologies, among them also quantum circuits, greaphene chips, spintronics based circuits, single electron tunneling, DNA computing etc.

But I have found no place to avail my efforts, and I can see no breakthrough over the foreseeable time - the IC technology has been stopped since 2010 when Intel has first produced its 1.6GHz CPU and since then we have seen the CPU speed is not progressed much -, and for another 10 years there will be no commecial, alternative IC technology that can replace the current silicon and electron based IC technology, therefore I have turned to design as my key expertise field. Why I come to satellite Internet modem IC design is another story which I will tell you later on.

And now, IC technology is still important, therefore I still need to follow up its development. Unfortunately I can't find uptodate books in this field from the Internet. No new books are appearing in this filed over the last years. Many of them were published more than 10 years ago.

 

vlsi
 
My current reading or repeat reading (for most of the literature I have in my computer are already read over the last years)
 

General IC Technologies

 

Current reading:

Harris Digital Design and Computer Architecture

Finished.

Now starting:

Hiscocks2010 Analog Circuit Design p1194

 

 
 

Here below is a partial list of books I have read over the last years, with the order of surname, year of publications, book title and page number.

 

Agarwal2005 Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits p1009.pdf

Allen2002 CMOS Analog Circuit Design p794.pdf

Baker2010 CMOS Circuit Design Layout and Simulation 3rdEdition p1214.pdf

Bishop2011 Electronics Circuits and Systems p381.pdf

Brun2018 Cmos analog IC design fundamentals p370.pdf

Carusone2012 Analog integrated circuit design p822.pdf

Chen2006 The VLSI handbook p2322.pdf

Davis2001 Radio Frequency Circuit Design p340.pdf

De Micheli2003 Synthesis And Optimization Of Digital Circuits p586.pdf

Everard2001 Fundamentals of RF Circuit Design with Low Noise Oscillators p307.pdf

Ghongade2007 Lecture 0 VLSI Design Introduction to the subject p455.pdf

Glesner2002 VLSI Design of Integrated Circuits p562.pdf

Gray2009 Analysis and design of analog integrated circuits p897.pdf

Grimblatt2013 Digital Integrated Circuits Design Flow p109.pdf

Harris2008 Digital Design and Computer Architecture p561.pdf

Hiscocks2010 Analog Circuit Design p1194.pdf

Hollstein2007 VLSI Design of Integrated Circuits Wintersemester p439.pdf

John2004 Introduction to ASICs p1179.pdf

Kaeslin2008 Digital Integrated Circuit Design From VLSI Architectures to CMOS Fabrication p879.pdf

Kahng2011 VLSI Physical Design From Graph Partitioning to Timing Closure p319.pdf

Kang2003 CMOS DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS - Analysis and Design p683.pdf

Kao2019 Introduction to VLSI Design p128.pdf

Kraus2012 SPICE-Schaltungs-Simulation mit LTspice IV p173.pdf

Kumar2015 VLSI DESIGN p120.pdf

Lee2004 The Design of CMOS Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits 2ed p404.pdf

Li2009 RF Circuit Design p843.pdf

Mano2013 Digital Design p565.pdf

Poornima2005 VLSI Design p144.pdf

Rabaey2002 Digital Integrated Circuits A Design Perspective p513.pdf

Razavi2001 Design of analog CMOS integrated circuits p688.pdf

Rogers2003 Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design p431.pdf

Scheffer2006 EDA for IC Implementation Circuit Design and Process Technology p616.pdf

Wang2006 VLSI TEST PRINCIPLES AND ARCHITECTURES p809.pdf

Weste2011 CMOS VLSI Design A Circuits and Systems Perspective p867.pdf

Williams2014 Digital VLSI Design with Verilog p557.pdf

Wolf2008 Modern VLSI Design IP-Based Design p631.pdf

Wong2005 Nano CMOS Circuit and Physical Design encrypted p408.pdf

 

FPGA Technologies


Field2013 Introducing the Spartan 3E FPGA and VHDL p130.pdf

Hauck2008 Reconfigurable Computing The Theory and Practice of FPGA-Based Computation p945.pdf

Kastner2018 Parallel Programming for FPGAs p235.pdf

Moore2017 FPGAs For Dummies p53.pdf

Özsu2012 Data Processing on FPGAs p120.pdf

Patel2018 FPGA designs with Verilog and SystemVerilog p183.pdf

Vasut2016 Open-Source Tools for FPGA Development p34.pdf

 
 

FPGA / EDA Vendor Guides and Instruction

 

Current reading:

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Design Analysis and Closure Techniques p333
UG906 (v2019.1) May 22, 2019

Agilent

Aldec

Alliance

Altera

ARM

Cadence

Digilent

DxDesigner

EAGLE

ELECTRIC

hdleditors

HDLWorks

icestudio

keysight

Lattice

MAGIC

Mentor

micromagic

microsemi

Open Schematic Capture

SANDIA

syncad

Synopsys

Xilinx


Chwalisz2011 Xilinx FPGA design using Simulink with Hardware Co-Simulation p19.pdf

Everett2013 Introduction to Xilinx System Generator Part I p17.pdf

Gupta2015 Image Processing using Xilinx System Generator (XSG) in FPGA p7.pdf

Kintali2015 Model-Based Design with Simulink, HDL Coder, and Xilinx System Generator for DSP p15.pdf

Mohammed2014 High Level FPGA Modeling for Image Processing Algorithms Using Xilinx System Generator p8.pdf


Patel2019 Vivado Tools Guide p87.pdf

Xilinx2018 Vivado Design Suite Tutorial Model-Based DSP Design Using System Generator p121.pdf

Xilinx2019 Introduction to FPGA Design with Vivado High-Level Synthesis p92.pdf

Xilinx2019 UltraFast Design Methodology Guide for the Vivado Design Suite p300.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite Reference Guide Model-Based DSP Design Using System Generator p472.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Design Analysis and Closure Techniques p333.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Design Flows Overview p106.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Designing with IP p114.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Implementation p193.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Model-Based DSP Design Using System Generator p250.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Programming and Debugging p394.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Synthesis p293.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Using Constraints p193.pdf

Xilinx2019 Vivado Design Suite User Guide Using the Vivado IDE v2 p171.pdf

 
 

HDL - Hardware Description Language

Hwang2015 Digital Logic & Microprocessor Design With VHDL p512
 

 

 
 
 

 

 
 

since 2008-10-1

 

 

I've been learning IC technologies since long. Earlier I have compiled a listing of my study plan, see this one: vlsi.chm. This file was prepared in February 2017, and since then I have made a lot of changes ot my plan.
 

 

G:\studies\000VLSIChip\_Literature

 

 

?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????

AULETTA Quantum Mechanics p758

GENNARO AULETTA

19

 

 

 

?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????

Ballentine Quantum mechanics p673

25

 

 

Binney The Physics of Quantum Mechanics p310
James Binney

 

 

Branson Quantum Physics p548

Jim Branson

 

 

CHEW Quantum Mechanics Made Simple: Lecture Notes p218
Weng Cho CHEW

 

 

Cohen Lecture Notes in Quantum Mechanics p293
Doron Cohen

 

 

Cresser Quantum Physics Notes p238
J D Cresser

 

 

 

Dawson Quantum Mechanics: Fundamental Principles and Applications p435
John F. Dawson

 

 

 

DeGrand Quantum Mechanics p356
Thomas DeGrand

 

 

EISBERG QUANTUM PHYSICS of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles p866
Second Edition
ROBERT EISBERG

 

 

?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????

Fitzpatrick Quantum Mechanics p222

Richard Fitzpatrick

 

 

 

Greensite Lecture Notes on Quantum Mechanics p391
J. Greensite

 

 

 

?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????

 

Gruska QUANTUM COMPUTING p438

96

operational quantum physics

quantum superoperator circuits

MERZBACHER Ouantum Mechanics p670
THIRD EDITION
EUGEN MERZBACHER

 

 

 

Gregory Naber
Naber Foundations of Quantum Mechanics p575

 

[Nielsen2010]

Nielsen Quantum Computation and Quantum Information p698

31

 

 

 

Orden Quantum Mechanics p293
Lecture Notes
J. W. Van Orden

 

 

Rae Quantum Physics A Beginner’s Guide p235
Alastair I. M. Rae

 

 

 

Styer The Physics of Quantum Mechanics p294

Dan Styer

 

 

Thankappan QUANTUM MECHANICS p553
Second Edition
V.K. Thankappan

 

van Dommelen Quantum Mechanics for Engineers p1623
Leon van Dommelen

 

 

van Dommelen Fundamental Quantum Mechanics for Engineers p324
Leon van Dommelen

 

 

 

Weinberg Lectures on Quantum Mechanics p378
Steven Weinberg

 

 

 

 

 

?????????????????????????

?????????????????????????

Weste CMOS VLSI Design A Circuits and Systems Perspective p867

2011

78

www.cmosvlsi.com

 

 

 

My VLSI Design Project

Study schedule and literature index

VLSI design Case studies

###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################
00000designproject
###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################

1frontend >>>

01规格制定详细设计

FinTek

FinTek F75373S/F75373SG Fintek Hardware Monitor IC Datasheet p49

 


Winbond

,

 
 

Old Chips/VLSI

 

chip_tech_general

 

Attention!!!

Directory Structure and File Names of the Computer Chip Technologies, particularly the next generations of IC technologies

If you have problems in display, then open the PDF file instead.

chiptech.htm

benchmark_chip.pdf

 

 

###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################
Old Chips/VLSI
###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################

graph matching
graph/subgraph isomorphism
simulated annealing

 

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Baker CMOS Circuit Design Layout and Simulation 3rdEdition p1214
170
90

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Glesner VLSI Design of Integrated Circuits p562

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Harris Digital Design and Computer Architecture p561
76

2 . 7 KARNAUGH MAPS

 

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Kaeslin Digital Integrated Circuit Design From VLSI Architectures to CMOS Fabrication p879
386

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Kang CMOS DIGITAL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS - Analysis and Design p683
2003
167

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
okokok
Mukherjee Introduction to NMOS and CMOS VLSI Systems Design p367
74

 

 

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
WAKERLY DIGITAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES PRACTICES p795
319

 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 

chip_design_general

 

00design.htm

0chip_design.pdf

design.htm

0contents.htm

0eda.htm

0flow.htm

0methodologies.htm

1specifications.htm

2architectural.htm

3functional.htm

4logic.htm

5circuit.htm

6physical.htm

7simulation.htm

8verification.htm

misc.htm

 

 
 

chip_design_physical

 

chip_design_physical.pdf

floorplanning .htm

partitioning.htm

placement.htm

routing.htm

routing_detailed.htm

routing_detailed_channel_routing.htm

routing_detailed_switchbox.htm

routing_global.htm

timing.htm

 

chip_design_routing

 
chip_design_routing.pdf
 

>>> routing_channel

 

chip_special

 

 

00special.htm

0chip_special.pdf

3dic.pdf

3dvlsi.htm

3dvlsi_literature_a2g.htm

3dvlsi_literature_h2n.htm

3dvlsi_literature_o2z.htm

asic.htm

fpga.htm

fpga.pdf

integrated_optics.htm

 
 

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

>>>3DIC

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

 

 

Ferreira Architectural exploration methods and tools for heterogeneous 3D-IC p179

 

 
 
 

FPGA

 
 
 
 
 

New Generations of IC

My VLSI studies have been shifted many times, from quantum chips, to graphe FETS, to single electronics, to superconducting, to spintotronics, to molybdenum and to all other chips technologies such as

  • Nano IC technologies
  • DNA chips
  • Cellular chips
  • Gallium
  • Germanium
  • Indium
  • Molecular chips
  • Membrane chips
  • Neural computer
  • Photonic chips
  • Resonant tunneling IC
  • Reversible computing
  • Strained silicon chips
  • 3D IC

 

 

###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################
New Generations of Chips
###############################################################
###############################################################
###############################################################

 

 

List of literature

Graph Theory and Math for Advanced Computing (pdf)

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
00spin
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

spin.pdf

 

???????????????????????????????????????????
000Bürgler Spintronics p183
83

okokok
Chetan spin-electronics p14

???????????????????????????????????????????
000Fabian SEMICONDUCTOR SPINTRONICS p343
28

okokok
Maekawa Spin Current

 

okokok
Westervelt Spintronics p39.pdf

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Winkler Spinelektronik p6.PDF
3

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
graphene
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

graphene_literature.htm

graphene_review.htm

 

????????????????????????
Anteroinen Graphene Transistors -Challenges and Opportunities p103
11

????????????????????????
Anteroinen Structure and Electrical Characteristics of Graphene Field Effect Transistors p71
5

 

Banerjee Non linear behaviour of three terminal graphene devices p74

Ferrari Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems p213

Lee Graphene Nanoelectronics - From Synthesis to Device Applications p158

Lindgren Electrochemical Functionalization of Epitaxial Graphene p55

Mahmood Towards Graphene based mono-molecular electronics Structural and electrical characterization of side-gated devices p214

Ou Graphene Semiconductor Heterojunctions and Devices p139

Pascal Graphene three-terminal nanojunction rectifiers p124

Pembroke Chemical and Physical Graphene Modifications p196

Rizzi On the fabrication and characterization of high-performance graphene electronic devices p81

Ruiz-Vargas SYNTHESIS, MORPHOLOGY AND PROPERTIES OF POLYCRYSTALLINE GRAPHENE MEMBRANES p134

Singh Quantum Hall Effect and Electromechanics in Graphene p186

Stander Transport measurements on graphene p-n junctions p141

okokok
SAGAR Graphene-based Field-effect Transistors p113

okokok
Thiele Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene for Electronics Applications 2010-2020 Technologies, Players & Opportunities p228

 

okokok
Yeric Graphene for Future VLSI p59

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
carbon_nanotube OKOKOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
0nano_deep_submicron
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

nano_deep_submicron.pdf

 

Haselman The Future of Integrated Circuits A Survey of Nano-electronics p57.pdf
5

okokok
Lundstrom Understanding the Nanoscale MOSFET p64.pdf

Veendrick Deep-submicron CMOS ICs p286
19

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
resonant_tunnellingOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
resonant_tunnellingOK
G:\studies\000VLSIChip\NGIPC\resonant_tunnellingOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Figueiredo Optoelectronic Properties of Resonant Tunnelling Diodes p260
2000
33

 

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
molecularOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

molecular_membrane.pdf

 

okokok
Cardelli Computing with Molecules p78.pdf

okokok
Kumar Molecular Diodes and Applications p7

okokok
Pischel Information Processing with Molecules – Quo Vadis p60.pdf

okokok
Walczak Simulations of molecular logic gates p6

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
molybdeniumOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
neural
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

neural.pdf

 

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
photonic
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

photon.pdf

 

Hendry Architectures and Design Automation for Photonic Networks On Chip p161

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
reversible_computingOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Aaronson The Classification of Reversible Bit Operations p66

 

 

????????????????????????????????

Carøe Design of Reversible Computing Systems Logic, Languages, and Circuits p54

July 7, 2012

15

 

 

 

Giles An investigation of some theoretical aspects of reversible computing p220

 

 

Kerntopf REVERSIBLE LOGIC CIRCUITS p53

 

 

Ollinger Periodicity and Immortality in Reversible Computing p69

 

 

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
single_electronOK
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

Acharya Development of room temperature operating single electron transistor using FIB etching and deposition technology p210

 

DUBEJSKY FABRICATION AND DC CHARACTERIZATION OF SINGLE ELECTRON TRANSISTORS AT LOW TEMPERATURE p148

 

Park Electron Transport in Single Molecule Transistors p165

 

 

 

?????????????????????????

Perry Digital to Analog Converter Design using Single Electron Transistors p73

April 29, 2005

14

 

 

 

Pott Gate-All-Around Silicon Nanowires for Hybrid Single Electron TransistorCMOS Applications p154

 

Simonian Design and Simulation of Single-Electron Molecular Devices p121

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
superconducting not practicle
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

superconduct.pdf

 

FELDMAN Josephson Junction Digital Circuits -- Challenges and Opportunities p22
3

Sterling Enabling Technologies for Peta FLOPS Computing p202
16

 

&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&

 

@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
biocomputing OKOKOK no future
@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@

>>>biocomputingOK

>>>biocomputing

OKOKOK
Moe-Behrens The biological microprocessor, or how to build a computer with biological parts p18

OKOKOK
Paun BIO-INSPIRED COMPUTING Achievements and Dreams p48

 

>>>Biomolecular Computing

OKOKOK
Grathwohl The Biological Plausibility of the Blob Model p116
OKOKOK
Reif Alternative Computational Models A Comparison of Biomolecular and Quantum Computation p51
OKOKOK
Wang Rapid engineering of versatile molecular logic gates using heterologous genetic transcriptional modules p4


>>>cellular

okokok
Abelson AMORPHOUS AND CELLULAR COMPUTING p88
okokok
Amos Molecular and Cellular Computing p44
okokok
Enaganti Cellular Computing p21
okokok
TerAvest Bacteria-based biocomputing with Cellular Computing Circuits to sense decide signal and act p10

>>>Amorphous Cellular Computing


>>>membrane


okokok
Bernardini Membrane Computing - current results and future problems p5
okokok
Bernardini Membrane Systems for Molecular Computing and Biological Modelling p164
okokok
Buitendijkmt Part II Membrane Computing p28
okokok
Csuhaj-Varju Proceedings 13th International Conference on Membrane Computing CMC13 p464
okokok
Dzitac Impact of Membrane Computing and P Systems in ISI WoS. Celebrating the 65th Birthday of Gheorghe P?un p10
okokok
Freund Pre-Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Membrane Computing WMC6 p549
okokok
Gheorghe The 15th International Conference on Membrane Computing p389
okokok
Giavitto The Topological Structures of Membrane Computing p27
okokok
Ibarra Membrane Computing A General View p19
okokok
Narayanan An Overview of Membrane Computing p63
okokok
Newton Visualization and Simulation of Membrane Computing p11
okokok
Nguyen AN IMPLEMENTATION OF MEMBRANE COMPUTING USING RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE p19
okokok
Noack PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION PROCESSING MEMBRANE COMPUTING p33
okokok
Paun A guide to membrane computing p28

Paun Introduction to Membrane Computing p43


>>>DNA

okokok
Adleman Computing with DNA p8
okokok
AMOS DNA Computing p27

okokok
Amos Molecular and Cellular Computing p44
okokok
CALUDE COMPUTING WITH CELLS AND ATOMS An Introduction to Quantum, DNA and Membrane Computing p319
okokok
Cavaliere Biomolecular Implementation of Computing Devices with Unbounded Memory p15
okokok
Formanowicz DNA computing p10.pdf
okokok
Franco Biomolecular Computing – Combinatorial Algorithms and Laboratory Experiments p189

Fuentes Inference models in DNA COMPUTING p164
7

Rambidi Biomolecular computer roots and promises p15


>>>DNAzyme computing


>>>enzyme


>>>RNA Computing

 

 

 

mathematics for vlsi chip design
graph theory for vlsi chip design

 

 

 

After several years of learning I have realized that all these technologies are all not very optimistic in finding a practical way to replace silicon for faster computing. Therefore I have to think about whether ot not to continue in this direction.
 
 
 
 

More Info

 
Check for the document here for my latest study scale.